De-noising of wayside acoustic signal from train bearings based on variable digital filtering

In the wayside Acoustic Defective Bearing Detector (ADBD) system, the recorded signal usually includes both the sound from train bearings and the other disturbance sources. The fact of heavy noise corruption and the Doppler Effect of multi-source acoustic signals would badly reduce the effectiveness of online defect detection of the ADBD system. In order to extract useful information from the multi-source signal with Doppler Effect, this paper proposes an effective de-noising method based on the variable digital filter (VDF) for the ADBD system. Specifically, the ridge extraction based on Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) is applied to estimate the instantaneous frequencies (IFs), with which the fitting IF curves based on the Morse theory of theoretical acoustics could be achieved by using the nonlinear curve-fitting so that the parameters of the initial position of the acoustic sources could be calculated. By the aid of these parameters, the IFs according to the target train bearing could be then extracted. After that, the FIR variable digital filters could be designed with all the IFs which match the Morse theory with Doppler Shift so that the noise from the other parts could be effectively restrained after filtering the original signal. The effectiveness of this method is verified by means of a simulation with multi-frequency signals and applications to diagnosis of train roller bearing defects. Results indicate that the proposed method is effective.     

数字全息视频成像技术及其在肝吸虫尾蚴观测中的应用

由于传统的显微镜成像需要精确的光学聚焦过程,很难检测到在水体中运动的肝吸虫尾蚴,更难以对其进行连续的动态观测.针对此问题,提出了利用单光束同轴数字全息视频技术对在水体中运动的肝吸虫尾蚴进行连续动态观测的方法,研究了其中的动态跟踪聚焦算法和视频处理算法.利用上一帧再现像中尾蚴的中心位置作为下一帧全息再现中聚焦窗口的中心位置,使聚焦窗口始终跟随观测的尾蚴移动,从而保证处理全息视频时每一帧再现像都能准确自动聚焦,使再现视频中肝吸虫尾蚴始终处于清晰状态.进行了肝吸虫尾蚴观测实验,得到肝吸虫尾蚴在水体中运动的全息再现视频,并对其运动轨迹进行了跟踪,总结了肝吸虫尾蚴在水体中的运动规律.实验结果表明,利用数字全息技术拍摄一张数字全息图即可观察到水体中不同位置的肝吸虫尾蚴,检测更加方便高效;本文提出的数字全息视频成像技术能实现对水体中的肝吸虫尾蚴或其它浮游生物进行连续动态观测.     

New relationship of displacement signal at quadrant photodiode: Control signal analysis and simulation of a laser tracker

New relationship of displacement signal using opposite sectors on a quadrant photodiode is derived. Standard and new displacement signals are analyzed in details. Through MATLAB^® laser tracking simulation models, based on common and suggested approaches, detailed analysis is performed, and it is shown that better results for the new relationship signal processing are obtained. Within new relationship of displacement signal, the sensitivity of the system to the displacement of the spot increases and, hence, provides better accuracy in positioning up to 30%.     

Internal inspection of semi-transparent objects by digital holographic micro-tomography

The combined use of digital holographic microscopy and computer tomography, here named digital holographic micro-tomography, is used to examine the interior of transparent channels. The proposed method is used to identify internal obstacles inside of transparent troughs having slightly different refractive index. The method is based in the acquisition of a set of digital holograms of the specimen whereas it is axially rotated from 0° to 180°. The phase differences retrieved from the obtained holograms are the inputs to a computerised axial tomography procedure. The technique has been numerically modelled in order to find the optimal tomographic conditions and also to realise the minimum difference of refractive index the method could detect. The obtained results show the feasibility of the proposed method for the non-destructive evaluation of transparent micro-objects.     

Product Inhibited Enzymatic Reactions on the Rotating Disk Electrodes

A model of cyclic staircase voltammetry of enzymatic reactions on the rotating disk electrode is developed and the inhibition by the product is investigated. The responses are mostly time – dependent current – potential curves with maxima in the forward but not in the backward branch. If the maxima appear in both branches, the inhibition is potential – dependent either directly or indirectly. The source of the second maximum is explained.     

Scanning schemes in white light Photoelasticity – Part I: Critical assessment of existing schemes

The use of white light based Three Fringe Photoelasticity (TFP)/RGB Photoelasticity has gained importance in the recent years. With recent advances in TFP, it is possible to resolve fringe orders upto twelve. The main advantage of this technique is that it requires only a single image for isochromatic demodulation, which makes it suitable especially for problems where recording multiple images is difficult. The accuracy of isochromatic data obtained using TFP/RGB Photoelasticity is dependent on the scanning scheme used to refine the data, which is necessary to incorporate fringe order continuity. In this paper, the existing scanning schemes are critically evaluated for their ability to scan the entire model domain, influence of seed point selection and noise propagation. The scanning schemes are assessed using four problems of increasing level of geometric complexity – Circular disc under compression (simply connected), bi-axially loaded cruciform specimen with an inclined crack, a thick ring subjected to internal pressure and a finite plate with a hole (multiply connected).     

Digital photoelasticity of glass: A comprehensive review

The recent advances in digital photoelasticity have made it possible to use it conveniently for the stress analysis of articles and components made of glass. Depending on the application, the retardation levels to be measured range from a few nanometres to several thousand nanometres, which necessitates different techniques and associated equipments. This paper reviews the recent advances in the photoelasticity of glass with a focus on the techniques/methods developed in the last decade. A brief introduction to the residual stress in glass is provided initially to bring out its tensorial nature. The subsequent sections are organised thematically rather than chronologically, for better readability and easy access of information.     

Experimental investigation of the effect of temperature on the strength of polyimide contact structures

A new photogrammetry based measurement technique for contact areas in line contact structures is developed. From the data collected by this technique, a method for measuring the contact strength of contact structures in high temperature applications is proposed. The contact strength of a line contact structure of polyimide at different temperatures is measured; the results show that the increase in temperature decreases the contact strength of the structure. The effect of temperature on the contact strength is studied by investigating the occurrence and evolution of yielding core within the structure at different temperatures. The decrease in the yield strength and elastic modulus of the polyimide material at high temperature induces core yielding at lower loads and eases the propagation of core yielding to the surface.     

Error evaluation for Zernike polynomials fitting based phase compensation of digital holographic microscopy

Combining the experimental research with the simulation calculation, the error evaluation for Zernike polynomials fitting (ZPF) based phase compensation of digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is performed. The obtained results show that the reconstructed phase with high precision can be obtained by ZPF phase compensation algorithm. Moreover, the phase error for ZPF based phase compensation algorithm increases with both the variation of object height and object transverse area, the larger variation of object height, the larger of phase error, and the larger of object transverse area, the faster increase of RMS phase error. To decrease the error of ZPF phase compensation algorithm, it is required to ensure one of the variations of object height and object transverse area to be a small value. Importantly, the proposed method supplies a useful tool for the error evaluation of phase compensation algorithm.